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The Ghaznavid/Turkish Invasion of India   Background Towards the end of 9 th century, Trans-Oxiana, Khurasan and parts of Iran were being ruled by the Samanids who were Iranians by descent. They had a battle continually with the non-Muslim Turkish tribesmen on their northern and eastern frontiers. During this battle a new type of soldier, called ghazi , was born. Whose prime aim was to protect Islam and the boundaries of the empire. It is the efforts of the Ghazi that many Turks became Muslims, who later became great defenders and crusaders of Islam. But the ghazi continued battling with the rest of non-Muslim Turkish tribesmen. Among the Samanid governors was a Turkish slave , Alp-tigin , who in course of time, established an independent kingdom with its capital at Ghazni . Samanid kingdom soon ended and Ghaznavids took over the task of defending the Islamic land.  Condition of India on the eve of Mahmud Ghazni invasion On the eve of the invasion, North India was...

  The Arab Invasions in India During Omar's Caliphate , Arab forces made numerous unsuccessful attempts to take Bombay. Sindh was conquered by Arabs in 712 AD .  Invasion of India  began in the 8th century as part of the  Umayyad Caliphate's   expansion policy. In 712 CE, Arabs led by Muhammad bin Qasim, a general of the Umayyad Caliphate, invaded India from the northwest region (Sindh) . Muhammad bin Qasim led the Arab conquest of Sindh .   Muhammad Bin Qasim Muhammad ibn Qasim (December 31, 695 – July 18, 715) was an Arab military commander in the service of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the Muslim conquest of Sindh during the Umayyad campaigns in India. His military exploits resulted in the establishment of Arab Sind and the annexation of the region from the Sindhi Brahman dynasty and its ruler, Raja Dahir , who was later decapitated and his head sent to al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in Ba...

  JPSC CS Paper-VI - Group C - Agricultural Science Concept of Agro-forestry; westland and means to reclaim them. Agroforestry Agroforestry is a collective name for  land-use systems involving trees combined with crops and/or animals on the same unit of land.  It combines -  Production of multiple outputs with protection of the resource base; Places emphasis on the use of multiple indigenous trees and shrubs; Particularly suitable for low-input conditions and fragile environments; It involves the interplay of socio-cultural values more than in most other land-use systems; and It is structurally and functionally more complex than monoculture. Benefits of Agroforestry       Environment Benefits:  Combining trees with food crops on cropland farms yield certain important environment benefits, both general ecological benefits and specific o...